Regrow Your Hair, Starting Now
A New Science Now series from New Health & Longevity and Apple Poly LLC
Current Science on
TGF-β
as a Biochemical Target in Hair Loss
Regulation
of DHT by 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors is a proven method to reduce hair
loss, improve follicle performance, and regrow hair in some individuals.
It is the accepted mechanism of action of Propecia®, and the
prevailing theory in androgenetic alopecia.
In the last
13 years, a new theory has emerged that promises a more precise understanding
of androgen-sensitive hair loss, and a more selective therapeutic target for
intervention.
This theory holds that inhibition of DHT is effective partially or
primarily because it limits the protein Transforming Growth Factor beta, or TGF-β, in the
catagen cascade.
As a
downstream factor in the androgen cascade, TGF-β may prove to be a more
effective target than DHT. The growing consensus among leading hair loss
researchers is that TGF-β causes premature entry into catagen, and that it
may be the primary agent responsible for follicle miniaturization and
dysfunction.
The
following papers discuss the relationship between TGF-β and hair follicle
dysfunction. Taken together, they present a compelling case that
undermines the prevailing theory that DHT "causes" hair loss in AGA.
They also suggest that using TGF-β inhibitors may prevent premature entry
into catagen, lengthen the anagen phase of hair growth, and prevent
miniaturization of androgen-sensitive hair follicles.
1994 |
Philpott MP, Sanders D, Westgate GE,
Kealey T.
Human hair growth in vitro: a model for the study of hair follicle
biology.
J Dermatol Sci. 1994 Jul;7 Suppl:S55-72.
"We identify
transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) as a possible negative
regulator of hair follicle growth..." |
1996 |
Mori O,
Hachisuka H, Sasai Y.
Effects of transforming growth factor beta 1 in the hair cycle.
J Dermatol. 1996 Feb;23(2):89-94.
"...TGF
beta 1 is at least partly responsible for regulating hair follicles as
a negative growth factor." |
Wollina U,
Lange D, Funa K, Paus R.
Expression of transforming growth factor beta isoforms and their
receptors during hair growth phases in mice.
Histol Histopathol. 1996 Apr;11(2):431-6. |
1997 |
Paus R,
Foitzik K, Welker P, Bulfone-Paus S, Eichmuller S.
Transforming growth factor-beta receptor type I and type II expression
during murine hair follicle development and cycling.
J Invest Dermatol. 1997 Oct;109(4):518-26.
"This... supports the
concept that both TGF-betaRII and TGF-betaRI stimulation is involved
in... the control of catagen induction." |
1998 |
Soma T, Ogo
M, Suzuki J, Takahashi T, Hibino T.
Analysis of apoptotic cell death in human hair follicles in vivo and
in vitro. < Full Study
J Invest Dermatol. 1998 Dec;111(6):948-54.
"Furthermore, this study
strongly indicates that the transforming growth factor-β pathway is
involved in the induction of catagen phase in human hair cycle." |
2000 |
Foitzik K,
Lindner G, Mueller-Roever S, Maurer M, Botchkareva N, Botchkarev V,
Handjiski B, Metz M, Hibino T, Soma T, Dotto GP, Paus R
Control of murine hair follicle regression (catagen) by TGF-beta1 in
vivo.
FASEB J. 2000 Apr;14(5):752-60.
"TGF-betaRII agonists
and antagonists may provide useful therapeutic tools for human hair
growth disorders based on premature or retarded catagen development
(effluvium, alopecia, hirsutism)." |
2002 |
Otomo S.
[Hair growth effect of minoxidil] [Article in Japanese]
Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 2002 Mar;119(3):167-74.
"...minoxidil...
inhibits of TGF beta induced apoptosis of hair matrix cells..." |
Soma T, Tsuji
Y, Hibino T.
Involvement of transforming growth factor-beta2 in catagen induction
during the human hair cycle.
J Invest Dermatol. 2002 Jun;118(6):993-7.
"These results strongly
suggest that transforming growth factor-beta2 plays an essential part
in the induction of the catagen phase of the human hair cycle." |
Inui S,
Fukuzato Y, Nakajima T, Yoshikawa K, Itami S.
Androgen-inducible TGF-beta1 from balding dermal papilla cells
inhibits epithelial cell growth: a clue to understand paradoxical
effects of androgen on human hair growth.
FASEB J. 2002 Dec;16(14):1967-9. Epub 2002 Oct 18. |
2003 |
Tsuji Y,
Denda S, Soma T, Raftery L, Momoi T, Hibino T.
A potential suppressor of TGF-beta delays catagen progression in hair
follicles.
J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2003 Jun;8(1):65-8.
"Our results suggest
that... a suppressor of TGF-beta could be effective in preventing male
pattern baldness." |
Inui S,
Fukuzato Y, Nakajima T, Yoshikawa K, Itami S.
Identification of androgen-inducible TGF-beta1 derived from dermal
papilla cells as a key mediator in androgenetic alopecia.
J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2003 Jun;8(1):69-71.
"We
suggest that androgen-inducible TGF-beta1 derived from DPCs mediates
hair growth suppression in AGA. |
Soma T,
Dohrmann CE, Hibino T, Raftery LA.
Profile of transforming growth factor-beta responses during the murine
hair cycle.
J Invest Dermatol. 2003 Nov;121(5):969-75.
"Transforming growth
factor-beta (TGF-beta) appears to promote the regression phase of the
mammalian hair cycle, in... human hair follicles." |
2004 |
Hibino T,
Nishiyama T.
Role of TGF-beta2 in the human hair cycle.
J Dermatol Sci. 2004 Jun;35(1):9-18.
"Male pattern baldness is the result of premature entry into
catagen due to androgens. In order to prevent hair loss, it is
important to understand two critical steps, i.e., the induction
mechanism of premature entry and the regression process of catagen...
these lines of evidence strongly suggest the presence of a "catagen
cascade" in male pattern baldness... these sequential events
contribute to the shortening of the human hair cycle." |
Itami S.
[Pathomechanism of androgenetic alopecia and new treatment]
[Article in Japanese]
Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2004 Nov;41(6):598-600.
"Minoxidil and Finasteride were recently introduced for the
treatment of androgenetic alopecia in Japan, and
TGF-beta1 is the next target
for innovative treatment." |
2005 |
Ito T, Ito N,
Saathoff M, Bettermann A, Takigawa M, Paus R.
Interferon-gamma is a potent inducer of catagen-like changes in
cultured human anagen hair follicles.
Br J Dermatol. 2005 Apr;152(4):623-31.
"...catagen induction probably occurs at least in part via
upregulation of the recognized
catagen-stimulatory growth factor TGF-beta2." |
Mazzieri R,
Jurukovski V, Obata H, Sung J, Platt A, Annes E, Karaman-Jurukovska N,
Gleizes PE, Rifkin DB.
Expression of truncated latent TGF-beta-binding protein modulates
TGF-beta signaling.
J Cell Sci. 2005 May 15;118(Pt 10):2177-87. Epub 2005 May 3.
"Transgenic animals displayed...
an abbreviated growth phase
and an early initiation of the involution (catagen) phase of the hair
cycle. This phenotype appears to result from excess active
transforming growth factor-beta..." |
Foitzik K,
Spexard T, Nakamura M, Halsner U, Paus R.
Towards dissecting the pathogenesis of retinoid-induced hair loss:
all-trans retinoic acid induces premature hair follicle regression
(catagen) by upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta2 in the
dermal papilla.
J Invest Dermatol. 2005 Jun;124(6):1119-26.
"...topical TGF-beta2/TGF-beta receptor II antagonists deserve
to be explored for the prevention and management of retinoid-induced
hair loss." |
Itami S, Inui
S.
Role of androgen in mesenchymal epithelial interactions in human hair
follicle.
J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 2005 Dec;10(3):209-11. |
2006 |
Yoo HG, Kim
JS, Lee SR, Pyo HK, Moon HI, Lee JH, Kwon OS, Chung JH, Kim KH, Eun
HC, Cho KH.
Perifollicular fibrosis: pathogenetic role in androgenetic alopecia.
Biol Pharm Bull. 2006 Jun;29(6):1246-50.
"Our findings suggest that T-induced TGF-beta1 and type I
procollagen expression may contribute to the development of
perifollicular fibrosis in the AGA, and the inhibitory effects on
T-induced procollagen and
TGF-beta1 expression may explain another possible mechanism how
finasteride works in AGA." |
Kamimura A,
Takahashi T, Morohashi M, Takano Y.
Procyanidin oligomers counteract TGF-beta1- and TGF-beta2-induced
apoptosis in hair epithelial cells: an insight into their mechanisms.
Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2006;19(5):259-65. Epub 2006 Jun 16.
"...addition of
procyanidin B-2 to the culture neutralized the growth-inhibiting
effects of both TGF-beta(1) and TGF-beta(2) and protected the cells
from apoptosis." |
Apple procyanidins are proven to
strongly and safely inhibit
TGF-β directly in the hair follicle.
Order here |